European nations have responded differently to the economic crisis, with some increasing investment in higher education and others making cutbacks.

This is the conclusion of a study by the European Commission, which examines modernization of the sector in the region in the decade following the Bologna Process for reform, finding that most of the major targets have been met.

It recommends more spending is needed to create education jobs in the Netherlands and other countries, in addition to encouraging more students from socially disadvantaged and older age groups.

European commissioner for education, culture, multilingualism and youth Androulla Vassiliou remarked: "We must continue to modernize and increase the quality of higher education, as well as making it more affordable for citizens."

Based on information from the 46 nations involved in the Bologna Process - launched in June 1999 - the report will be considered during the Conference of European Higher Education Ministers this month.

The strategy is intended to enhance mobility and access to higher education within the 46 countries involved through cooperation between organizations and institutions.